Authors:
N. Blöchliger; M. Xu; A. Caflisch

Journal: Biophys. J.
Year: 2015
Volume: 108
Issue: 9
Pages: 2362-2370
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.038
Type of Publication: Journal Article

Keywords:
binding; electrostatic steering; electrostatics; Encounter complex; molecular dynamics; Peptides; SAPPHIRE plot

Abstract:

We have captured the binding of a peptide to a PDZ domain by unbiased molecular dynamics simulations. Analysis of the trajectories reveals on-pathway encounter complex formation, which is driven by electrostatic interactions between negatively charged carboxylate groups in the peptide and positively charged side chains surrounding the binding site. In contrast, the final stereospecific complex, which matches the crystal structure, features completely different interactions, namely the burial of the hydrophobic side chain of the peptide C-terminal residue and backbone hydrogen bonds. The simulations show that nonnative salt bridges stabilize kinetically the encounter complex during binding. Unbinding follows the inverse sequence of events with the same nonnative salt bridges in the encounter complex. Thus, in contrast to protein folding, which is driven by native interactions, the binding of charged peptides can be steered by nonnative interactions, which might be a general mechanism, e.g., in the recognition of histone tails by bromodomains.