Thermodynamics and kinetics of folding of two model peptides investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

The folding of an α-helix and a β-hairpin was studied by 862 molecular dynamics simulations with an implicit solvation model that allowed sampling of a total of 4 μs. The average effective energy is rather flat for conformations having less than about 50% of the folded state contacts formed, except for the α-helix at very high temperatures. For both peptides there is a smooth decrease of the effective energy close to the folded state. The free energy landscape shows that the helix−coil transition is not first order, while the β-hairpin has one or two minima, depending on the temperature. At low temperature (T < 1.1Tm) there is an increase in the folding rate with increasing temperature as expected from an activation energy limited process. At higher temperatures the rate decreases for both peptides which is consistent with an activation entropy dominated process. The unfolding rate, by contrast, shows an Arrhenius-like behavior; i.e., it increases monotonously with temperature. The β-hairpin peptide folds about 30 times slower than the α-helix peptide at 300 K. Multiple folding pathways are present for the α-helix, whereas the β-hairpin initiates folding mainly at the β-turn.